Exercise, hormones and weight loss

Regular exercise provides many physical, mental, and physiological benefits. One category of benefits is the positive impact that exercise has on many of your body's hormones, resulting in more efficient metabolism, better health, and weight loss.Hormones are chemical messengers within your body that affects almost all aspects of human function. Following is a list of 8 hormones  and their functions and how regular exercise affects each hormone.

1. Growth Hormone

Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis (muscle tone/development) and affects the strength of your bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. During exercise, it decreases use of glucose and increases use of fat as a fuel during exercise. This helps to reduce body fat and to keep blood glucose at a normal level which helps you to exercise for a longer period of time. The release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland in the brain is increased with increasing aerobic exercise time, especially more intense exercise such as interval training.

2. Endorphins

An endogenous opioid from the pituitary gland, endorphins block pain, decrease appetite, create a feeling of euphoria (the exercise high), and reduce tension and anxiety. Blood levels of endorphins increase up to five times resting levels during longer duration (greater than 30 minutes) aerobic exercise at moderate to intense levels, and also during interval training. Also, after several months of regular exercise, you develop an increased sensitivity to endorphins (a higher high from the same level of endorphins), and endorphins that are produced tend to stay in your blood for a longer period of time. This makes longer duration exercise easier (you're feeling no pain) and it causes your exercise high to last for a longer period of time after exercise.

3. Testosterone
An important hormone in both males and females, testosterone maintains muscle tone/volume/strength, increases basal metabolic rate (metabolism), decreases body fat, and produces feelings of confidence. It is produced by the ovaries in females and by the testes in males. Females have only about one-tenth the amount of testosterone produced by males. Production of testosterone in females begins to decline as a woman begins to approach menopause and in males, it begins to decline in his forties.For men and women, blood levels of testosterone increase with exercise, beginning about about 20 minutes into an exercise session. Blood levels may remain elevated for one to three hours after exercise. Testosterone increases the libido both in men and women. The heart has highest testosterone receptors, thus testosterone enhances functions of the heart and protects it.

4. Estrogen

The most biologically active estrogen, 17 beta-estradiol, increases fat breakdown from body fat stores so that it can be used and fuel, increases basal metabolic rate (metabolism), elevates your mood and makes your skin smooth and supple. This hormone is at much higher blood levels in females, but the ovaries begin to produce less of it as a woman begins to approach menopause. The amount of 17 beta-estradiol secreted by the ovaries increases with exercise, and blood levels may remain elevated for one to four hours after exercise.

5. Thyroxin (T4)

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland, thyroxine raises the metabolic rate ("metabolism") of almost all cells in the body. This increase in "metabolism" helps you to feel more energetic and also causes you to expend more calories; it is thus is important in weight loss. Blood levels of thyroxine increase by about 30% during exercise and remain elevated for several hours afterward - this period of time is increased by an increase in intensity and/or duration of exercise. Regular exercise also increases thyroxine levels at rest.

6. Epinephrine

A hormone produced primarily by the adrenal medulla, epinephrine increases the amount of blood the heart pumps and directs blood flow to where it's needed. It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen (stored carbohydrate) in the active muscles and liver to use as fuel. It also stimulates the breakdown of fat (in stored fat and inactive muscles) to use as fuel. The amount of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla is proportional to the intensity and duration of exercise.

7. Insulin

Insulin is an important hormone in regulating (decreasing) blood levels of glucose ("blood sugar") and in directing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells. Insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased in response to a rise in blood sugar as is often the case after a meal. Typically, the larger the meal or the greater the quantity of simple sugars consumed, the larger the insulin response. This is why it is best to eat small frequent meals and to limit consumption of sugar and of processed bread, pasta, and rice. The whole grain ( unprocessed) versions of those products are much healthier choices.

Blood levels of insulin begin to decrease about 10 minutes into an aerobic exercise session and continue to decrease through about 70 minutes of exercise. Regular exercise also increases a cell's sensitivity to insulin at rest, so that less is needed.

8. Glucagon

A hormone that is also secreted by the pancreas, the job of glucagon is to raise blood levels of glucose ("blood sugar"). When blood sugar levels get too low, glucagon is secreted and causes stored carbohydrate (glycogen) in the liver to be released into the bloodstream to raise blood sugar to a normal level. It also causes the breakdown of fat so that it can be used as fuel. Glucagon typically begins to be secreted beyond 30 minutes of exercise when blood glucose levels may begin to decrease. As you can see, exercise has a powerful impact on your hormones, ultimately resulting in weight loss, a sense of well-being, and better general health. So next time you're exercising, think about all the wonderful things that are happening to your hormones. It might even make you want to do more exercise!

 Thus, it is evident that exercise has an important role in the release and withdrawal of hormones, by enlarge optimizing it for body functions and weight loss, which is a precursor of good health and graceful aging.